Untitled Document           Features  ·   Audio of the Month » AM in the Message Board
 
 
September 2003
The TURANDOT ACT III FINALE
Franco Alfano and Luciano Berio’s versions
 
Written by Dr Joseph Fragala
 
 
 
Comment:

In August 1921, Puccini wrote to his long-standing friend Schnabl: “I have finished act I of Turandot”. In December 1923, he confided to Schnabl: “I orchestrate and compose. However, I lack the grand finale of act III, which I have redone for the fourth time.” In March 1924, he wrote to his librettist Simoni: “I have worked relentlessly for four months and I am almost at the end. All I lack is the final duet…”

Puccini had begun to orchestrate Turandot during 1922, long before he finished composing it. Plausibly, by completing and refining more than two thirds of the opera, he felt that the job of organising decisively the problematic duet and finale would be easier. What were the problems which confronted Puccini, causing considerable delay in completing Turandot? Particularly, the problems of the final duet in which love between Turandot and the prince triumphs and their emotions are glorified by the people of Peking.

Mosco Carner hypothesised that Puccini could not finalise Turandot final duet because he could not musically express non-motherly love and triumphant happiness. Carner drew this hypothesis from his controversial theory of a son-mother fixation implanted in the composer’s psyche. Claudio Sartori came up with a rather morbid proposition that non completion of the opera was intentional: a triumphantly concluded love was repugnant to the composer himself, unwilling to go back to the dramatic equation of old, i.e. love equals tragedy, preferring to abdicate and die. I have the view that a young German light soprano, Rose Adler, holds the key to a conjecture which stands to good reason.

Puccini met the 31 years old Rose Adler during his world travel of 1921 and she became his mistress for the next two years. The cool Rose’s youth and charm infatuated the old composer to a point that the only love letter ever written by Puccini is to her, dated 24 May 1921. Reasonably, Rose Adler entangled Puccini’s feelings and life for two solid years. I believe that Puccini needed desperately to elevate his intense feelings towards Rose to the loftiest level and project them in the Turandot final duet, ending in triumphant love. By reason of declining physical conditions, he shillyshallied, struggled enormously with the duet and finale and never completed them, managing to write copious but only music sketches by mid 1924.

 
 
Historical notes :

Since 29 November 1924, marking the death of Puccini, the most popular operatic composer in the world, eight months had elapsed. During this time, a frantic and exhaustive search far and wide failed to find another composer who could slip into Puccini’ shoes and complete Turandot, one of the most proficient operas and finest music he had written. In July 1925, the directors of Casa Ricordi finally entrusted the task of completing Turandot to the Neapolitan composer Franco Alfano. Toscanini’s nod in favour of Alfano was decisive, having been impressed by Alfano’s exotic opera success at Bologna, La Leggenda di Sakùntala (1921). Apparently, Alfano wrote more than one version of the Turandot’s finale and unfortunately Toscanini chose the worst one.

In 2000, composer Luciano Berio was commissioned by Casa Ricordi to elaborate a new composition and orchestration for Puccini’s Turandot’s finale as an alternative to that of Franco Alfano with which the opera normally ends. The lyrics were to be left intact. Berio consulted 23 sketches left by Puccini and worked on stylistic coherence with Puccini, which are declamation, expansive lyricism and expressive intonations. The world premiere of the renewed Turandot was given at the opera house of Los Angeles on 25 May 2002 followed by the European premiere at the Het Muziektheater of Amsterdam on 1 June 2002 and at the Salzburg Festival on 7 August 2002.

 
The scene:
Calaf, the prince, is left alone with Turandot and having reproached her for coldness and cruelty kisses her on the mouth. The kiss has the effect of breaking an enchantment and Turandot feels suddenly that she has loved Calaf from the very first. Only then does the prince reveal his own name. In front of a reunited court, Turandot announces that she has found the name of the unknown prince: his name is Love.
 
 
The Italian lyrics:

TUTTI
Liù, bontà, Liù, dolcezza,
dormi! Oblia!
Liù Poesia!

(End of Puccini’s composition and orchestration)

(Beginning of Alfano and Berio’s compositions and orchestrations)

CALAF
Principessa di morte
Principessa di gelo!
Dal tuo tragico cielo
scendi giù sulla terra!
Ah! Solleva quel velo!
Guarda, guarda, crudele,
quel purissimo sangue
che fu sparso per te!

TURANDOT
Che mai osi, straniero!
Cosa umana non sono.
Son la figlia del Cielo
libera e pura.
Tu stringi il mio freddo velo
ma l'anima è lassù!

CALAF
La tua anima è in alto,
ma il tuo corpo è vicino!
Con le mani brucianti
stringerò i lembi d'oro
del tuo manto stellato.
La mia bocca fremente
premerò su di te...

TURANDOT
Non profanarmi!

CALAF
Ah! Sentirti viva!

TURANDOT
Indietro!

CALAF
Sentirti viva!

TURANDOT
Indietro!

CALAF
Sentirti viva!

TURANDOT
Non profanarmi! Non profanarmi!

CALAF
Il gelo tuo è menzogna!

TURANDOT
Indietro!

CALAF
È menzogna!

TURANDOT
No, mai nessun m'avrà!

CALAF
Ti voglio mia!

TURANDOT
Dell'ava lo strazio
non si rinnoverà! Ah, no!

CALAF
Ti voglio mia!

TURANDOT
Non mi toccar,
straniero!
È un sacrilegio!

CALAF
No, il bacio tuo mi dà l'eternità!

TURANDOT
Sacrilegio!
Che è mai di me?
Perduta!

CALAF
Mio fiore!
Oh! Mio fiore mattutino!
Mio fiore, ti respiro!
I seni tuoi di giglio...
... ah! treman sul mio petto!

DONNE
Ah!... Ah!... Ah!...

CALAF
Già ti sento mancare di dolcezza,
tutta bianca nel tuo manto d'argento!

TURANDOT
Come vincesti?

CALAF
Piangi?

TURANDOT
È l'alba! È l'alba!...
È l'alba! Turandot tramonta!

BAMBINI
L'alba! Luce e vita! Tutto è puro!
Tutto è santo!
Che dolcezza nel tuo pianto!

UOMINI
L'alba! Luce e vita! Principessa,
che dolcezza nel tuo pianto!

CALAF
È l'alba! È l'alba!
E amor... e amore
nasce col sole!

TURANDOT
Che nessun mi veda,
la mia gloria è finita!

CALAF
No! Essa incomincia!

TURANDOT
Onta su me!

CALAF
Miracolo! La tua gloria
risplende nell'incanto
del primo bacio, del primo pianto!

TURANDOT
Del primo pianto... Ah...
Del primo pianto!
Sì, straniero, quando sei giunto,
con angoscia ho sentito
il brivido fatale
di questo mal supremo.
Quanti ho visto morire per me!
E li ho spregiati;
ma ho temuto te!
C'era negli occhi tuoi
la luce degli eroi.
C'era negli occhi tuoi
la superba certezza...
E t'ho odiato per quella...
E per quella t'ho amato,
tormentata e divisa
fra due terrori uguali:
vincerti o esser vinta...
E vinta son... Ah! Vinta,
più che dall'alta prova,
da questa febbre che mi vien da te!
CALAF
Sei mia! Mia!

TURANDOT
Questo, questo chiedevi,
Ora lo sai.
Più grande vittoria non voler!
Parti, straniero, col tuo mister!

CALAF
Il mio mistero?
Non ne ho più! Sei mia!
Tu che tremi se ti sfioro!
Tu che sbianchi se ti bacio
puoi perdermi se vuoi!
Il mio nome e la vita
insiem ti dono.
Io son Calaf, figlio di Timur!

TURANDOT
So il tuo nome! So il tuo nome!

CALAF
La mia gloria è il tuo amplesso!

TURANDOT
Odi! Squillan le trombe!

CALAF
La mia vita è il tuo bacio!

TURANDOT
Ecco! È l'ora!
È l'ora della prova!

CALAF
Non la temo!

TURANDOT
Ah! Calaf,
davanti al popolo con me!

CALAF
Hai vinto tu!

Scena Seconda

FOLLA
Diecimila anni
al nostro Imperatore!

TURANDOT
Padre augusto,
conosco il nome dello straniero!
Il suo nome... è Amor!

FOLLA
Amor!
O sole! Vita! Eternità!
Luce del mondo è amore!
Ride e canta nel sole
l'infinita nostra felicità!
Gloria a te! Gloria a te! Gloria!

 
 
Critical Analysis:

There are some mitigating circumstances surrounding Alfano’s unsatisfactory ending. He was given barely a fortnight to study and work on the original score handed to him by Casa Ricordi. The short time allowed may have influenced the disjunction and harshness of his finale. He used only four sketches left by Puccini and at times ignored the frequent indications in the sketches concerning orchestration. However, one undisputable fact stands out: the stylistic difference between Puccini and Alfano was too great and the creative imagination between the two was too different.

In my view, Berio evokes sensations and aesthetic refinements previously unexperienced by the listener. Berio vividly and successfully rekindles Puccini’ style, languor and expansive lyricism to a degree thought impossible up until early XXI century.

There is a short orchestral interlude followed by about 15 minutes of inspiring music, leitmotifs and vocal lines before princess Turandot is won over by love. The vocality recalls Puccini unmistakeably. The rhythms particularly the percussion’s are Berio’s. Lyrics, vocals, orchestral timbre, harmony and rhythm are beautifully, intelligently fused together and importantly in stylistic context with the rest of the opera. Tendency toward polytonality, which was popular with Puccini, is notable.

The finale ultimo ends with a piano foreshadowed by a splendid variation of Nessun dorma exquisitely accompanied by short strokes of a bell and does away with the last bars originally sung by the chorus. I understand that Puccini did plan for a similar piano ending, a sonority which is not strong but very suggestive. The whole finale is in a modern 1900 language imbued with elements of Puccini’s Wagnerism, Mahler and Schoenberg.

I discussed the finali with Rodrigo Andres Zumaeta, Esq., an enthusiast of Turandot which he defined as “Maestro Puccini’s fantastic work”. Rodrigo made the following thoughtful and valuable comments:

"It is clear that Puccini must have left fairly well defined sketches, since Berio and Alfano wrote identical lines, above all regarding the vocals. In the orchestra, there are also similar melodies but in harmonic terms they are very different. Berio turns out to be more colourful in orchestration (a lot more, I would say), and he takes many tonal ‘liberties’. In the Turandot finale, he does not take them too far, but of course he is a lot freer in tonal sense than Alfano is.
         In the last bars, there is a big difference: one can hear a bit of Nessun dorma really transmigrated (to the point it never sounds as Nessun dorma again, it only fades away a couple of times into a new world created by Berio, with interesting harmonic subtleties there, far more creative than Alfano) and a beautiful finale ultimo in pianissimo. As Joseph said to me, the melting of the icy princess here is noticeable, unlike in Alfano's finale."

 

 
 
 
Listen to the audio files for September:
      Copyright disclaimer
 

Details of the Turandot (Berio's version) performance at the Salzburg Grosses Festspielhaus in August 2002:

Cast:
Turandot sung by: Gabriele Schnaut
Calaf by: Johan Botha
Liu by: Christina Gallardo-Domas
Timur by: Paata Burchuladze
Vienna Philharmonic orchestra
Vienna State Opera Chorus

Details of the Turandot (Alfano's version)  performance at the Milano Teatro alla Scala in 1964:

Cast:
Turandot sung by: Birgit Nilsson 
Calaf by: Franco Corelli
Liu by: Galina Visnevskaja 
Timur by: Nicola Zaccaria
Teatro alla Scala orchestra 
Teatro alla Scala Chorus

 
- Tu che di gel sei cinta | 2.58 mb (mp3, 32kbps)

- Finale: Luciano Berio | 2.75 mb (mp3, 24kbps)

- Finale: Franco Alfano | 2.87 mb (mp3, 24kbps)
 
NB: All audio files have been removed in accordance with Grandi Tenori.com's policy on audio files.
 
Acknowledgments:

I wish to express a special thank you to Rodrigo and also say: "You made the sound tracks of the Puccini's uncompleted act III and Berio's finale available and it was a pleasure discussing them with you. You were great."

I wish to extend special gratitude to Yared and also say: "You made the sound track of the  Puccini's uncompleted act III ending and Alfano's finale available on your own initiative.  You also were great."

 
 
Links:
Article, Dr Fragala: Reflections on Great Tenors in Puccini
Untitled Document

Forum:
Would you like to discuss the reviews of Audio of the Month (AM)? Check out the » AM Section in our Message Boards!

Archives:
» Back to Audio of the Month

 
 

 

Audio of the Month
 
Untitled Document